| Electromagnetic Flow Meter | Volumetric flow of conductive liquids | Approximately ±0.2% to ±0.5% of reading, depending on configuration and calibration | Common line sizes from about DN15 to DN2400; turndown commonly up to 100:1 | Water, wastewater, chemicals, slurries and conductive food liquids; requires minimum conductivity and a full pipe | 4–20 mA, pulse, HART, Modbus RTU, Ethernet-based protocols and fieldbus options; empty-pipe and diagnostic functions often available | ISO 20456 for electromagnetic flow measurement; IEC 60529 ingress protection; hygienic versions may require EHEDG or 3-A acceptance where applicable |
| Ultrasonic Clamp-On Flow Meter | Volumetric flow of liquids, and selected gas applications | Approximately ±1% to ±2% of reading for well-installed liquid systems | Suitable for many pipe sizes, commonly from about DN25 to DN3000; wide range without cutting the pipe | Best for relatively clean liquids with suitable acoustic transmission; installation quality, pipe lining and air bubbles affect performance | Portable or fixed transmitters; 4–20 mA, pulse, RS-485/Modbus and data logging are common | ISO 17089 may apply to ultrasonic gas measurement; ISO 5167 principles may support associated flow systems; verify local custody-transfer approval separately |
| Coriolis Mass Flow Meter | Mass flow, density and often temperature | Approximately ±0.05% to ±0.2% of mass flow for many liquid models | Small to medium process lines, commonly from about 0.1 kg/h to 1,000,000 kg/h; pressure drop increases with smaller tubes | Liquids, gases and multiphase services; suitable for high-value dosing, batching and concentration calculations | 4–20 mA, pulse, HART, Modbus, FOUNDATION Fieldbus, PROFIBUS and advanced diagnostics are commonly available | OIML R117 may apply to dynamic measurement of liquids other than water; ATEX, IECEx, PED and hygienic requirements depend on location and application |
| Vortex Flow Meter | Volumetric or compensated mass flow of liquids, gases and steam | Approximately ±0.7% to ±1.5% of reading for liquids; gas and steam accuracy varies by design | Commonly used from about DN15 to DN300; moderate turndown, often around 10:1 to 30:1 | Clean liquids, gases and steam; requires adequate straight-run piping and a flow velocity above the shedding threshold | 4–20 mA, pulse, HART, Modbus and temperature/pressure compensation options | ISO 12764 for vortex flow measurement of fluids; pressure equipment, hazardous-area and steam-system requirements may also apply |
| Turbine Flow Meter | Volumetric flow of relatively clean liquids or gases | Approximately ±0.5% to ±1% of reading after suitable calibration | Commonly from about DN15 to DN600; typical turndown around 10:1 to 20:1 | Clean, low-viscosity fluids; moving parts are sensitive to solids, excessive viscosity, pulsation and poor filtration | Frequency or pulse output, 4–20 mA transmitters, HART and flow computers are common | API MPMS chapters may be relevant for petroleum measurement; OIML R117 or MID MI-005 may apply to approved liquid-fuel systems |
| Positive Displacement Flow Meter | Volumetric flow by repeatedly measuring fixed fluid volumes | Approximately ±0.1% to ±0.5% of reading, depending on fluid and calibration | Often selected for low-to-medium flow rates; turndown may reach 50:1 or higher for suitable liquids | Clean to moderately clean liquids, including oils and viscous products; pressure loss and mechanical wear must be assessed | Pulse, mechanical register, 4–20 mA, HART, Modbus and batch-controller integration options | OIML R117, MID MI-005 and API MPMS requirements may apply to custody-transfer liquid systems; material compatibility is essential |
| Thermal Mass Flow Meter | Mass flow of gases | Approximately ±1% to ±2% of reading, with gas composition and calibration being important factors | Commonly used from low laboratory flows to several thousand standard volume units per hour; high turndown is possible | Air, nitrogen, natural gas and other clean gases; moisture, contamination and changing gas composition can affect results | 4–20 mA, pulse, HART, Modbus, totalization and alarm outputs are common | ISO 14511 may support thermal-mass gas measurement; hazardous-area certification, pressure ratings and local gas regulations must be checked |
| Water and Utility Meter | Domestic, commercial or utility water volume | Typical metrological accuracy classes correspond to R-values such as R80, R100 or R160, depending on product and approval | Common residential sizes include DN15–DN40; commercial and bulk meters commonly extend from DN50 upward | Potable or utility water; water quality, pressure, temperature and installation orientation must meet the meter specification | Pulse, wired M-Bus, wireless M-Bus, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT and optical interfaces are common in smart-metering projects | ISO 4064 and OIML R49 are key references for water meters; drinking-water contact materials and national legal-metrology approval may be required |
| Radar Level Meter | Non-contact level, distance and calculated volume | Typically about ±2 mm to ±10 mm, depending on frequency, antenna, installation and surface conditions | Measurement ranges commonly from a few metres to approximately 30–80 m, depending on technology and target conditions | Liquids, powders and bulk solids; unaffected by vapor or moderate dust better than many contact technologies, but obstructions and foam require evaluation | 4–20 mA, HART, Modbus, Bluetooth commissioning and remote diagnostics are widely available | IEC 60079 series may apply in explosive atmospheres; radio-frequency approval, IP rating, EMC and tank-sector requirements must be verified |
| Weighing and Belt Scale System | Mass flow and totalized mass of bulk solids | Typically ±0.25% to ±1% of totalized load for a properly installed and calibrated system | From several tonnes per hour to many thousands of tonnes per hour, based on belt width and speed | Coal, minerals, aggregates, grain and other bulk solids; belt loading, material moisture, vibration and alignment are critical | Pulse, 4–20 mA, Modbus, Ethernet, remote monitoring, totalizers and alarm outputs are common | OIML R50 may apply to continuous totalizing weighing instruments; site-specific calibration and conveyor safety requirements are also important |